In order to maintain a tandem, it is important to continuously value the depreciation cost of fixed cost of production. An opportunity cost must be calculated in order to replace those factors of production https://1investing.in/ which has gone thrown wear and tear. If this is not noted then these fixed costs can cause huge fluctuations in profit. Profit earning is one of the prime functions of any business organization.

• To buy 10% equity stake in firm U he needs only ` 10,000 (i.e. 10% of `1,00,000).
• Like other two leverages the value of combined leverage must be greater than 1.
• At present, the amount of dividend declared is tax free in the hands of shareholders.
• No production, purchases or marketing are possible without being duly supported by requisite finances.
• If a company retains higher percentage of profits in the business, it is effectively adding a capital at thecost of equity.
• Yields of short-term U.S. government debt have been rising fast this year reflecting expectations of a series of rate hikes by the U.S.

When the ‘Federal Reserve Board’ buys the Treasury securities from the banks, the banks accumulate a lot of loanable funds with it. Now, the banks with a higher supply of funds would start offering loans at lower interest rates. This reduction in interest rates will encourage industrialists to start more and more ventures and that, in turn, will create job opportunities, overall demand in the market etc. Although, there is a flip side of this policy that it will increase the inflation in the longer run. This is how federal policies have a great impact on the cost of capital.

Define a.) Fixed working capital

So, if 8% debt is increased from ` 5,00,000 to ` 10,00,000 the value of firm increases from ` 41,00,000 to ` 42,00,000 and WACC decreases from 9.7% to 9.5%. Further we can calculate the Weighted average cost of capital denoted platykurtic by Ko . Composition of total funds i.e. the proportion of each specific source in total capitalization. ClearTax offers taxation & financial solutions to individuals, businesses, organizations & chartered accountants in India.

• It would be worthwhile to keep in mind future earning power of the firm while determining dividend rate.
• Capital structure theories which support this view are – Net Income approach and Traditional Approach.
• The seller draws a bill of exchange on the buyer of goods on credit.
• The future is always uncertain and the data collected for future may not be exact.
• The capital structure refers to the kind and proportion of different securities for raising funds.

The traditional approach of finance management stayed until the 5th decade of the 20th century. The traditional approach only emphasized on the fund’s procurement only by corporations. The successful attainment of various objectives by the financial management requires it to follow a research approach.

Capital Budgeting Discounted Method # 3. Profitability Index Method:

Just upload your form 16, claim your deductions and get your acknowledgment number online. You can efile income tax return on your income from salary, house property, capital gains, business & profession and income from other sources. Further you can also file TDS returns, generate Form-16, use our Tax Calculator software, claim HRA, check refund status and generate rent receipts for Income Tax Filing. A firm should borrow money to the point where the tax benefit from debt is equal to the cost of the increased probability of financial distress.

Financial interpretation is to minimize unproductive inventory and reduce inventory, carrying costs. The excess or idle cash should properly be invested in order to earn profit. The higher the cash turnover, the lower will be the requirements for cash, and vice versa.

What are delay cash payments? What techniques are used for this?

The same holds basically true for different project options. Its record may make it impossible to raise new equity capital because of low yields or even no yield. It is difficult to understand and is the most difficult method of evaluation of investment proposals. As compared to the traditional methods, the net present value method is more difficult to understand and operate. To select between mutually exclusive projects, projects should be ranked in order of net present values, i.e. the first preference should be given to the project having the maximum positive net present value. This method cannot be applied to a situation where investment in a project is to be made in parts.

• When the demand for capital increases, the cost of capital also increases and vice versa.
• The excessive working capital gives rise to speculative transactions.
• The overall cost of capital, Ko, of the firm is known and constant.

In other words, the reserves are capitalized and their ownership is formally transferred to the shareholders. To sum up, the decision with regard to dividend policy rests on the judgment of the management, since it is not a contractual obligation like interest. The formulation of dividend policy requires a balanced financial judgment by judiciously weighting the different factors affecting the policy. Industries that are characterized by stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent policy as to dividends than those having an uneven flow of income.

Citi’s India retail business: Kotak, Axis Bank lead race

It is the significance of cash management which is the key area of working capital management Cash management is important since it is very difficult to estimate correctly the inflow of cash. Practically, it is not so easy to make a proper synchronization of inflows and outflows of cash. Surplus cash to be invested in temporary investments or to be invested in fixed assets. Where the uncertainty of cash payment is large, i.e.-the future is unknown with certainty, the EOQ models may not be applicable. Naturally, in order to determine optimum behaviour, other models should be used assuming that the demand for cash is stochastic and unknown in advance. Control theory can be applicable where cash balances fluctuate widely.

For example, the production manager proposing the installation of a new plant to be operated with modern technology; is also involved in a financial decision. Young educated persons, aspiring for a career in management, undergo specialized courses in Financial Management, offered by universities, management institutes etc.; and take up the profession of financial management. Profit maximization objectives leads to inequalities among the stake holders such as customers, suppliers, public shareholders, etc. Financial stability is an implicit goal of the central bank, which uses the benefits of interaction between the monetary and macroprudential policies conducted under one roof.